Assalamualaikum.
Kurang 12 jam dari sekarang, kami, pelajar Cohort 4 TESLian akan meninggalkan Bumi Aotearoa New Zealand. Dengan itu, saya tinggalkan satu video untuk dikongsi bersama.
Mungkin terjemahan untuk video ini tidak sesempurna mana. Tetapi inshaAllah, ceramah ini adalah informatif untuk semua.
Haera ra Aotearoa New Zealand!
Saya akan tetap merindui Bumi New Zealand. Akan sangat-sangat rindu!
* Que je crois en toi…
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Assalamualaikum.
Entah ini kali keberapa entah saya memberitahu perkara yang sama. Barangkali sudah ketrijilion kalinya. Mungkin barangkali.
KEAJAIBAN. Bukan sekadar lexis biasa. Ya, saya suka akan keajaiban! TerSANGAAAAATTlah suka! Magis bukan? Bukan kuasa saya dan bukan juga kuasa kalian. Hanya milikNya semata! Terima kaseh Ya Allah! Hanya buat diri ini jadi makin malu. Waduh! Harapan saya, moga-moga KEAJAIBAN itu bertebaran ke seluruh alam. Agar bisa kita kongsi bersama. Ameen Ya Robb.
Sekarang kita masuk kisah lain…
KISAH PERTAMA
Semalam merupakan kelas terakhir Sister Rehanna buat saya dan adek-beradek. Alhamdulillah kerana diberi kesempatan untuk hadir kelas terakhir Sister Rehanna. Saya tak pernah bercerita tentang kelas Sister Rehanna di blog ini sebelum ini. Satu pengalaman yang tak akan pernah saya lupa sepanjang saya berada di Bumi Wellington. Saya pernah buat sedikit catatan nota kelas Sister Rehanna di sini dan di sini. Dan kali ini, saya berminat nak kongsi sedikit catatan dari kelas terakhir kami dalam blog ini. Moga bermanfaat buat semua. (mintak maaf sebab agak cincai)
1. Sister Rehanna ada berbicara tentang hati. Betapa hati itu sentiasa perlu diisi dengan zikrullah. Hanya dengan mengingati Allah, hati manusia itu hidup. Dan hanya hati yang hidup bisa mengHIDUPkan hati yang mati. Aiwah! Betapa hati itu perlu positif seiring dengan pemikiran kita. Ini apa yang Sister Rehanna cakap,
If the positivism goes away, the negativism will take place in your heart
Teringat juga pada yang ini,
“The Day whereon neither wealth nor sons will avail, but only he (will prosper) that brings to Allah a sound heart ” (26:88-89)
2. Makna kecantikan sebenar. Bukan terletak pada kecantikan fizikal. Usah gusar kalau kamu tidak cantik di mata manusia. Ikut kata Sister Rehanna, cantik pada pandangan Allah itu yang perlu diutamakan. Wahai sisters sekalian, apa definisi cantik sebenar bagi kalian?:)
Yang indah itu agama, akhlak dan budi…
3. Sister Rehana juga mengagumi bangsa Melayu kita. Pernah belajar beberapa tahun dahulu di Universiti Islam Antarabangsa (UIA) dan mempunyai kelulusan dalam bidang perundangan, beliau bilang orang Melayu kita sinonim sekali dengan adab dan tatatertib. Jadinya, ayuh tunggu apa lagi? Yuk pertahankan adab dan tatatertib kita!
4. Masih ingat pada janji kita padaNya Ya Khaliq tika masih di alam roh? Takut sekali saya ingin berhadapan denganNya kelak. Bila fikirkan balik, entah apa sumbangan saya pada agama.
Siapa Tuhan kamu?
Kata Sister Rehanna,
“Jangan pernah lupa janjimu pada Tuhanmu tika di alam roh.”
Dalam diam, daku mengagumimu wahai Sister Rehanna. Ececeh…
KISAH KEDUA
Semalam juga, saya dan adek kedua bongsu saya makan-makan angin di Oriental Bay. Beberapa keajaiban terjadi pada saya dan beliau. Adekku ini kepingin sekali kayuh basikal. Tapi kami tidak cukup fulus. Lalu saya berkata pada si Pak Cik.
“Saya tak tahu saya ini cukup duit ke tak. Saya cuba dulu ya”
Aigo! D.E.C.L.I.N.E.D.
“Kalau saya gabung cash dengan EFTPOS boleh kan? Tapi tak pasti masih cukup ke tak”
Saya tersenyum kelat. Tapi masih tidak mampu menyembunyikan keexcitedan saya. Itu kelemahan saya. Hanya mengharapkan keajaiban semata-mata tika itu. Saya amat berharap agar permintaan adek saya mahu naik basikal itu dimakbulkan. Terima kaseh Ya Allah!
Adekku pemandu basikal beca berhemah.
Perbualan dua beradek.
Saya: Aku sangat suka laut. Sangat suka pantai. Sangat-sangat suka.
Si adek : Iya. Aku tahu.
Saya : Tak kira. Nak ulang juga. Aku sangat suka laut. Sangat suka laut. Sangat suka laut….
Si adek : Takde maknanya kalau tak pandai berenang.
Perlu ke?*wink*
Ini gambar A.J.A.I.B kami
Si adek : Assalamualaikum makhluk di bawah. Kamu bahagia nggak di bawah sana ?
Saya: Wah comel je soalan tu!
Si adek: Haruslah. Makhluk atas Bumi hanya pandai melakukan kerosakan. Kesian pada Bumi yang sudah tua.
* * * * *
Si adek: Na, kenapa laut diassociatekan dengan warna biru?
Saya: Entahlah, aku tak nampak pulak warna laut macam warna biru.
Soalan terakhir si adek
“Na, mesti Habiburrahman itu kaya kan di Indonesia sana?”
Entah. Kamu rasa?
KISAH KETIGA
Malam tadi, berbual dengan adek yang amatku sayang, A.
“Hari ni tak keluar mana-mana ke?”
“Baru je balik dari rumah kebajikan”
“Wah, besar dah adek kak ena yang sorang ni!”
* * * * *
“Kak ena nak apa?”
“Nak apa apa?”
“Nak bagi hadiah ni ke kak ena. Kak ena nak apa?”
Pipi rasa panas. Tahan sebak.
“Kak ena tak mahu apa-apa. Doakan saja moga perjalanan kak ena selamat deh. Boleh jumpa kamu dan peluk kamu”
“Yang itu memanglah. Haha. Tapi nak bagi jugak hadiah kat kak ena. Kak ena nak tak hadiah buku? “Aku terima nikahnya” glamour kat sini sekarang ni.”
Aduih kamu ini. Buat kakakmu ini terharu dan makin mahu pulang!
KISAH KEEMPAT
TANGGUNGJAWAB.
Saya gerun sekali bila mendengar perkataan ini.
Diana, I feel as though Allah ta’alah has chosen you to…
Bukankah ini sama ertinya dengan menggalas tanggungjawab?
Kuatkanlah aku Ya Tuhanku Yang Maha Baik.
KISAH KELIMA
Bila kamu sakit, saya rasa sakit. Kenapa dengan hati ini ya?
Saya tahu ini sangat lame.
Fasbir sabran jameela…
“Those who patiently persevere will truly receive a reward without measure!” (Al-Zumar 39:10)
Doaku moga kamu bahagia. Selalu dan selamanya.
Maka dengan keajaiban itu juga, jangan pernah putus dari menitipkan doa buat mereka, saudara-saudara kita di sana.
Moga doa-doa itu menjadi pembela bagi kita di hadapan Allah Azza Wa Jalla kelak.
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Salam buat semua.
* AWAS! Satu lagi entri yang panjang dan skema buat kamu. Mintak maaf ya kamu tapi penting bangat untuk kamu tahu.
Di sini, saya berminat untuk berkongsi satu artikel menarik yang dipetik dari akhbar rasmi Wellington, The Dominion Post.
Being Economical with the Truth
Adolf Hitler may have been the most evil man that ever lived – but he wasn’t stupid.
In the years immediately following World War I he devoted a great deal of time to fathoming the reasons for Germany’s defeat. Among the most important contributing factors, he quite rightly identified the clear superiority of Allied (especially British) propaganda.
We still have difficulty, even now, 95 years after the outbreak of the Great War, in separating the historical reality of the Anglo-German conflict, from the almost entirely contrived version of events handed down to us by the propagandists of our own side.
According to Hitler’s stern critique, Germany’s propagandists were far too cerebral, and far too enamoured with the truth.
The British propagandists were better, he said, because they directed their messages at the stupidest – not the smartest – of their people, and because they were willing to tell such shocking lies about their enemies.
While serving a five-year prison sentence for insurrection, Hitler reflected on the essentials of effective propaganda:
“The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous. In consequence of these facts, all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points and must harp on these in slogans until the last member of the public understands what you want him to understand by your slogan.
“As soon as you sacrifice this slogan and try to be many-sided, the effect will piddle away, for the crowd can neither digest nor retain the material offered. In this way the result is weakened and in the end entirely cancelled out.”
Of course, Adolf Hitler wasn’t the only person ruminating on how to produce effective propaganda in the 1920s. Across the Atlantic, in New York City, the founder of the modern “science” of public relations, Edward Bernays, had arrived at very similar conclusions to those of the banged-up leader of the Nazi Party.
But, Bernays had two very big advantages over Hitler. First, he had actually been one of the Allies’ leading propagandists during the war; and second, he was the nephew of the founder of psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud.
It was Uncle Ziggy’s professional lock on Western society’s subconscious motivations that gave his nephew’s propaganda campaigns their special edge.
By contrast, Hitler’s understanding of what made good propaganda was wholly intuitive. In the final analysis, however, it made little difference. Be it the work of Aryan superman, or Jewish huckster, the end product looked very much the same.
Why do we need to know all this? Because the techniques pioneered by Britain’s war propagandists, Hitler’s Nazis, and Bernays’ “science” of public relations haven’t really changed all that much in 80 years.
Politicians and big corporations still disseminate the most shocking falsehoods to capture the attention of their audience/ market.
And the endless reiteration of simplistic slogans, directed at the stupidest – not the smartest – citizens/consumers, remains the surest way to imprint their thoughts upon our brains.
On this, Hitler’s intuitions were spot-on.
“Only constant repetition will finally succeed in imprinting an idea on the memory of a crowd.”
And, when you lie, tell big lies. Because it would never enter the heads of the “broad masses” to “fabricate colossal untruths and they would not believe that others could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously”.
And, above all, never equivocate.
Absolute certainty, says Hitler, is the “very first condition which has to be fulfilled in every kind of propaganda: a systematically one-sided attitude towards every problem that has to be dealt with. When they see an uncompromising onslaught against an adversary, the people have at all times taken this as proof that right is on the side of the active aggressor; but if the aggressor should go only halfway and fail to push home his success, the people will look upon this as a sign that he is uncertain of the justice of his own cause.”
The legacy of this master propagandist is everywhere around us.
The Big Lie: “Climate change is a hoax”; “Globalisation has lifted millions out of poverty”.
Constant Repetition: “John Key has a secret agenda.”
The Systematically One-Sided Attitude: “ACC is bankrupt. It’s all Labour’s fault. Only massive levy increases and a reduction in entitlements can fix it.”
And you thought Hitler was dead.
Sumber: Trotter, C. (2009, October 16). Being economical with the truth. The Dominion Post, p.B4.
The Century of the Self
Artikel ini telah mengingatkan saya pada satu siri dokumentari Adam Curtis yang bertajuk The Century of the Self. Sedikit sebanyak artikel ini mempunyai kaitan yang besar dengan dokumentari ini. Kalian boleh menontonnya di sini atau juga dari Youtube.
Episod 1
Episod 2
Episod 3
Episod 4
Berikut merupakan sedikit ringkasan bagi keempat-empat episod siri dokumentari ini (perhatian: ini lebih kepada tagging).
Cuba klik dan save untuk baca. Nota ini mungkin agak kurang jelas. Boleh email saya kalau betul-betul berminat nak baca.
Penting ke untuk menonton dokumentari ini?
Ha’ah. Haruslah penting sekali wahai kawan-kawan. Sepanjang keempat-empat episod ini, dua kali saya terdengar pandangan pak cik Edward Bernays tentang orang awam atau orang kebanyakan seperti kita. Menurut anak beliau, Ann Bernays, kita orang awam ini kurang cerdik atau dengan kata yang lebih ekstrim, BODOH. Aduh, sedihnya bila dilabel bodoh ya. Sebab itu perlu tahu tentang teori psychoanalysis ini agar kita boleh kenal diri dan potensi diri dengan lebih baik. Dan juga agar tidak mudah dimanipulasi.
Atau mahukan jalan yang lebih tepat untuk kenal diri sendiri? Teman sekelas saya yang berlainan agama dengan saya bilang hanya ada satu jawapannya.
M.A.K.R.I.F.A.T.
Terkedu saya mendengar beliau menyebut perkataan makrifat. Pandai sungguh beliau ! Kelihatannya hanya ada satu kunci untuk mengenal diri iaitu Makrifatullah. The gnosis of God.
Saya juga mula mengenali siri dokumentari ini setelah direcommendkan oleh seorang teman saya yang lain. Menurut beliau, dokumentari ini adalah barang yang super duper baik punya (Quel travail magnifique !). Tapi perlu juga diingatkan supaya tidak terlalu menerimanya bulat-bulat kerana dikhuatiri terdapat agenda yang tersembunyi di sebalik penghasilan dokumentari ini. Kadang-kadang dokumentari ini kelihatan seperti ingin memupuk Individualism. Eh tetiba pulak kedengaran seperti seorang yang mengkaji teori konspirasi. Hehe. Apapun tontonlah dengan hati yang terbuka memandangkan ada beberapa bahagian dari dokumentari ini yang mungkin tidak sesuai untuk tontonan umum.
Apa yang lebih penting, dokumentari ini sarat dengan maklumat yang saya sendiri belum pernah tahu sebelum ini. Hanya sekadar mengenali nama Freud dalam kelas EDUC sahaja dan kurang pula mesra dengan teori Psychoanalysisnya sebelum ini. Ternyata teori ini yang mungkin mampu menghasilkan kesan yang baik boleh pula menghasilkan kesan yang amat PYSCHO sedunia apabila disalahgunakan. Maka amatlah disarankan untuk menonton kesemua episod dokumentari ini. Sekiranya anda seorang yang minat akan Sosiologi dan Psikologi seperti saya, anda telah membuat pilihan yang tepat dengan menonton dokumentari ini! Selamat menonton bagi yang masih belum menonton !
Wahhabism, Salafism and Salafabism
Atas saranan seorang teman, saya telah membatalkan hajat saya untuk membuat sedikit ulasan tentang Wahhabism, Salafism, dan Salafabism di sini (seperti yang ditulis dalam entri yang lepas). Ada sebab yang kukuh untuk itu. Tambahan pula, saya terpaksa melupakan terus hasrat ini disebabkan oleh satu peristiwa yang pernah berlaku dalam kelas Political Islam saya dulu. Sungguh saya tidak bohong! Saya kurang senang sekali dengan PENGLABELAN! Siapa kita untuk melabel atau menilai iman orang? Hebat sangatkah kita? Ok, kita tutup cerita.
Dan dengan itu, saya sediakan bersama, rujukan untuk artikel tersebut yang berkisarkan Wahhabism, Salafism, dan Salafabism ini. Menurut pensyarah saya, artikel ini sangat bagus untuk mereka yang ingin tahu tentang Wahhabism, Salafism, dan Salafabism. Satu bonus lagi yang boleh kita ambil daripada artikel ini ialah Salafabism. Kurang mesra dengan istilah ini? Kali pertama mendengarnya? Maka bolehlah kalian rujuk artikel itu selepas ini. Huhu.
Khaled Abou El Fadl (2003). The ugly modern and the modern ugly: Reclaiming the beautiful in Islam. In Omid Safi (Ed.), Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism (pp.33-73). Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Kepada warga Welly, buku ini boleh dipinjam dari VUW Library.
Butiran:
Tingkat 3, Central 3 Day Loan, BP161.3P964 (Call number)
Rebut jangan tak rebut!:)
Sekian.
* Believe in wonders. And will always do.
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Pertama kali ditag oleh Kak Nur. Tara!
1. Apakah benda yang paling penting dalam hidup kamu?
Saya setuju dengan Kak Nur. Soalan ini sangat tricky. Jawapan mungkin boleh jadi sangat cliché. Boleh simpan jawapannya untuk diri sendiri kan Kak Nur? Huhu.
2. Apakah benda akhir yang kamu beli dengan duit sendiri?
Saya sudah lupa apa yang saya beli dengan 20 dollar terakhir saya (duit gaji). Air ombak berperisa coklatkah? Tak mungkin pula habis 20 dollar.
3. Di manakah tempat impian perkahwinan kamu?
Biarlah rahsia.
4. Berapa lama hubungan kamu berkekalan?
A.P.E.K.A.H?
5. Adakah anda sedang di lamun cinta?
Memang tak agak-agak ya soalan ini.
6. Di mana restoran akhir kamu makan malam?
St John’s. Menunya ialah Veal fillet, bavois, dan beef fillet. Terima kaseh kepada TESOL Admin kerana meraikan kami!
7. Namakan buku terakhir yang kamu beli?
Becoming a person of influence oleh John C. Maxwell.
8. Nama penuh anda?
Menurut mi, sebelum saya dilahirkan, ada dua cadangan untuk nama saya.
Kalau saya bayi perempuan, nama yang ingin diberi, NURUL AKMAL.
Kalau saya bayi lelaki, nama yang ingin diberi, MUHAMMAD RAZI.
Tetapi…
9. Kamu lebih senang dengan ayah atau emak?
Mereka bilang saya ini anak yang kaya sekali dengan idea tika dibawa bicara. Ada sahaja yang bisa dingomong. Ye sungguh?
10. Namakan seorang yang kamu ingin jumpa dalam hidup kamu?
Kalau lebih daripada seorang? Teringin untuk berjumpa beberapa orang sebenarnya. Kalau diberi kesempatan, banyak sekali yang ingin saya katakan pada mereka. Sungguh saya bersyukur atas kehadiran mereka dalam hidup ini.
Tapi ada seorang yang benar-benar saya ingin jumpa sekarang. Saya sangat sayang kamu! Ya kamu! Cinta bangat pada kamu! Sampai bila-bila pun kamu masih budak kecil bagiku.
I love you more than I can say, my dear. And let me assure you. Words wouldn’t be enough to describe that love. No matter how much I try.
11. Sebutkan nama 8 sahabat yang rapat dengan kamu?
Alhamdulillah, Allah ketemukan saya dengan sahabat-sahabat yang paling baik pernah saya ada. Terima kaseh Ya Allah!
12. Adakah kamu mencuci pakaian sendiri?
Yup, cuci sendiri. Lepas angkat baju dari ampaian baru perasan masih ada kesan sabun dekat baju. Oh tidak!
Hang on. Does the answer make any difference? Hurm, I just wonder if it ever does. haha.
13. Tempat yang paling seronok yang kamu ingin pergi?
Doakan agar dapat juga saya ke SANA ya. Mahu yang amat! Siapa mahu ikut, angkat tangan. Yeah !
14. Butirkan 5 perkara tentang orang yang tag kamu.
Dear Kak Nur. Dah lebih setahun saya baca blog Kak Nur. Tapi semua tu tak cukup kan untuk menilai Kak Nur? Tapi ini apa yang saya rasa tentang Kak Nur.:)
1. Puitis bangat. Saya suka gaya penulisan Kak Nur!
2. Intelektual dan berpengetahuan luas. Mahu jadi seperti akak juga. Bolehkan?
3. Family-oriented. Suka bila Kak Nur bercerita tentang keluarga Cikgu Marwan.
4. Comel. Hehe.
5. Teguh. Wah susah nak explain yang ni. Doakan moga saya teguh juga ya. Terima kaseh Kak Nur.
15. 8 perkara yang saya gilai?
Kegilaan sekarang (sikit-sikit udah):
1. Membeli barang
2. Mengemas barang (jatuh hukum wajib sekarang ini)
3. Marshalling thoughts
4. ——————————–
16. Pelukan atau ciuman?
Argh! Sangat rindu untuk peluk mi dan adik-adik. Juga sangat rindu dengan ciuman abah di dahi. Nak balik dengan segera! Sudah parah dah ni!
17. 8 buah buku yang paling baru di baca?
1. Palestin dijajah: Di manakah Solahuddinnya? (Zainur Rashid Zainuddin)
2. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X (Michael Eric Dyson)
3. Malcolm X For Beginners (Bernard Aquina Doctor)
4. Agenda to Change Our Condition (Hamza Yusuf dan Zaid Shakir)
5. Al-Ghazzali On Marriage
6. Al-Ghazzali On the Treatment of the Harms of the Tongue
7. Al-Ghazzali On Disciplining the Self
8. Al-Ghazzali On Knowing Yourself and God
18. 8 lagu yang kamu boleh dengar berulang kali?
Saya mempunyai satu tabiat yang kurang baik iaitu sangat suka melayan lagu-lagu. Setiap kali buat assignment, mesti berulamkan lagu. Lepas 5 minit menaip, reward diri sendiri dengan mendengar lagu selama 15 minit. Wah sangat-sangat tidak produktif rupanya. Berikut merupakan lagu-lagu yang pernah menjadi peneman ketika ketensionan membuat assignment.
ALIN 301- Cerita Hati (Hafiz Hamidun)
EDUC 340- Sejuta Arif (Edcoustic)
RELI 252- Ketika Cinta Bertasbih (Melly ft Amie)
ALIN 302- InshaAllah (Maher Zain)
Sekarang ni layan Pencari JalanMu oleh Afgan (sayu sangat lagu ni)
Eh mintak 8 lagu kan tadi? Eheh.
Sekian dahulu Kak Nur.:)
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Salam.
Kurang 12 jam dari sekarang, saya dan dua orang lagi adek-beradek saya yang lain akan mula bertarung dengan ujian kefahaman RELI 252. Maka entri terpanjang di dunia kali ini lebih bersifat nota untuk simpanan diri sendiri dan juga boleh dijadikan rujukan bagi sesiapa yang berminat. Ini juga merupakan nota untuk salah satu daripada tiga bahagian yang perlu dijawab esok. Perlu juga diingatkan bahawa sumber rujukan adalah dari buku teks yang digunakan oleh pelajar-pelajar yang ambil RELI 252 di VUW. Mungkin agak berbeza dengan apa yang boleh ditemui dari Wiki atau laman web yang sewaktu dengannya. Jadinya, jangan ambil bulat-bulatla. Eheh. Selamat maju jaya buat diri sendiri dan juga adek-beradekku! Aja aja!
* Ingatkan nak attach file sahaja tapi tak jumpa ikon. Cari mulala lain kali.
1. Hadith report
- authoritative account of the sayings, actions or tacit approval or disapproval of the Prophet Muḥammad
2. Qur’an
-The word, “Qur’an,” said to mean, “Reading”
- Readings:
– reading for meaning (interpretation)
– an excerpted portion of text
– a “variant reading”
– recitation (tilawah)
-Overview of Qur’anic Text
- Arabic Qur’an
-“Meccan and Medinan” categories
-Qur’anic Content
Some Themes:
-Compilation of the Text
3. “Roots of the Law”/ AL-Shafi’i
-Usūl al-Fiqh
-Credited to Al-Shafī’i (d. 820, above)
-Method for deriving the law:
1. Quran
2. Sunnah (Al-Shafī’i’s principal theoretical interest)
3. Qiyās
“rationcination”, analogy based on “effective cause” (‘illah)
example: prohibition on intoxicants (from “wine verses”)
Shafi’i understood “ijtihād” in these terms
4. Ijmā‘
“consensus” of scholars (who? where? when?)
4. Shari’a
- “divine will”
- the general term given to the corpus of rules and precepts governing all aspects of a Muslim’s personal and social life
- the rules are derived from the Quran, the Sunna (practice) of the Prophet, from analogical reasoning and consensus
- considered to be divinely revealed
-also, the Quran indicates that each people was given its Shari’a by God
5. Sufism
1. thought (“the Path” to realising divine unity)
2. practice (for example, dhikrs of various masters)
3. transregional organisation, global networks of named lineages
- All three facets captured in the term, “tariqa”
Studies of saints and local politics: Vincent Cornell, Carl Ernst, Bruce Lawrence, Richard Eaton, etc.
According to a.g.:
Before this, “Sufism” popularised in Europe as apolitical, anti-hierarchical (much like Romanticism)
Also, “anti-Sufi” rhetoric of Islamists projected back historically
Structure of study of Islam and “orientalism”
determined approach, not structure of Islam itself
Controversy from the start
“Sober” v. “Drunken” Sufism
Hallaj (d. 923) and Bistami: “ecstatic utterances”
Execution of Al-Hallaj: Considered to be a case of
religious contention (see Massignon, for example)
But also reflected turbulent local politics of Baghdad in the 10th century
Much like how Ghazal’s “spiritual quest” in the 11th century coincided with local upheaval?
Sufism as Touchstone of Controversy and Reform
(see book, Islamic Mysticism Contested)
Sufism as Resource for Political Ideology
Some examples:
• Idea of wilayah (compare with Shi’ite imams)
• Hierarchy (“Shadow of God on Earth”)
Theory : “Perfect Man” (Al-Insan Al-Kamil)
For example in Southeast Asia (Johns, “Gift Addressed to the Spirit of the Prophet”)
• Authority of the Shaikh in relation to political power (for example, Chistiyya and Mughal rulers in Indian subcontinent)
Among named “orders,” some more political than others
For example, Naqshbandiyya known for reformist practice and politics in Central Asia
6. Sayyid Ahmad Khan
- early reformer (1817-1898)
-a member of India’s civil service for several decades
-remained loyal to the British during the Mutiny of 1857 (Mutiny-)
-1874- founded the Anglo-Muhammadan Oriental College at Aligarh
-1886- established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference which promoted Western education, the translation of Western scientific works and women’s education
-Thoughts
a) India and English government
- universities were established in India with the object of imparting high education
-if the children of respectable Muhammadan families received, alongwith high education and were at the same time given moral discipline, formed into a good society which is most essential for moral development, then, of course, they would, on attaining high education, be not a burden but a boon to the community
- However, some people who regarded themselves as highly educated and eminent statesmen, started to argue that the English government should govern India in the same way as it governs in Europe and make no distinction between the conquerors and the conquered
- Reason- they learnt the word “liberty” and understood it to mean that they might say what came on their tongue or what passed in their mind: whether it was right or wrong, suited to the occasion or otherwise
-then they came across the word “agitation”, what came to their head that the English government is a government that afraid of general agitation and nothing could be obtained without spreading agitation
- the Government was compelled to curtail the sphere of liberty which was allowed before and to frame a law for taking away the liberty of the press
- the Government will not to be blamed for this course; a punishment for actions of the Indians themselves (Mutiny 1857)
- The well being of the people of India and especially of the Musalmans, lies in leading a quiet life under the benign rule of the English government
- They must understand that the religion of Islam enjoins us to remain faithful to those under who we live as their subjects and enjoy peace and to dispel from our minds any idea of disloyalty
b) Islam: The religion of reason and nature
i) Former science and modern science
- the tenets of former wisdom (Greek wisdom) were based on rational and analogical arguments
-new doctrines are established by natural experiments and they are demonstrated before our eyes
-critic on ulama- did much to confront Greek wisdom and philosophy but nothing or very little to satisfy the heart of the denier or doubter of Islam by the way they would present to them the religion of Islam
ii) Need for a new theology
- need a modern theology (‘ilm al-kalam)
- the person that states Islam to be true must also state how he can prove the truth of Islam
- Islam is in full accordance with nature, “Islam is nature and nature is Islam”
7. Al-Afghani
- early modernists (1838-1897)
- philosopher, writer, orator (giver of speeches), journalists and political activist
-traveled widely from India and Afghanistan to Istanbul, Cairo, Paris and London, stirring in Muslims the consciousness of their potential strength in the face of colonialism
- the father of modern Muslim nationalism, proponent of Pan-Islam
-the main inspiration for the reform movement in Islam
-Thoughts
a) Science and Progress
-All wealth and riches are the result of science-science that everywhere manifests its greatness and power
-The science of falsafa and philosophy- the science that has the position of a comprehensive soul and the rank of a preserving force, serves as human prerequisites, the philosophical spirit would call for the acquisition of all the sciences
-Jurisprudence- the philosophy of the Sharia/ the philosophy of law- explained the truth regarding right and wrong, benefit and loss, and the causes of the promulgation of laws
- Critic on Ulama
i) “A scholar is a true light if he is a scholar. Thus, if a scholar is a scholar he must shed light on the whole word, and if his light does not reach the whole world, at least it should light up his region, his city, his village, or his home. What kind of scholar is it who does not enlighten even his own home?”
ii) strange thing-science divided into two parts- Muslim science and European science (therefore forbid others to teach some useful sciences) even men must be related to science not science to men
“”The truth is where there is proof and those who forbid science and knowledge in the belief that they are safeguarding the Islamic religion are really the enemies of that religion
b) Islamic Solidarity
- solidarity- support for another because they share feelings, opinions and aims
- such solidarity can disappear just as it can arise
-the believers in Islam are preoccupied neither with their ethnic origins nor with the people of which they are a part because they are loyal to their faith
-the principles of the Islamic religion are not restricted to calling man to the truth or to considering the soul only in a spiritual context but concerned with relationship among the believers, they explain the law in general and in detail, they define executive power which administers the law, they determine sentences and limit their conditions
-most important thing- they are concerned of the unique goal that the holder of power ought to be the most submissive of men to the rules regulating that power which he gains neither by heritage, nor inheritance, nor by virtue of his race, tribe, material strength or wealth
- the ruler of the Muslims would be their religious, holy, and divine law which makes no distinctions among peoples (safeguarding the sacred law and defending it)
-the amount of power given to Muslims ruler is a product of their observance of divine regulations, of the way in which they follow the good directions which these prescribe and of the absence of all personal ambition in them
-Islam concerned about seeking “good fortune of two worlds”
-the schisms and divisions which have occurred in Muslim states originate only from the failure of the rulers who deviate from the solid principles upon which the Islamic faith is built and stray from the road followed by their early ancestors
8. Muhammad Abduh
-(1849-190)
-follower of Afghani after 1882
- rational theologian and ethicist
Qur’anic basis
- Ethics related to patriotism
- Did much to foster Egyptian nationalism
9. Ottoman Empire/ Ataturk
- Far-reaching Islamic Empire
- rival to European colonial expansion
- “begins” in 16th century
-Careful not to project back contours of the nation-state
- Ottoman Turkish spoken, but no one considered the Empire “Turkish”
- Although Muslims recognized “foreign” rule
-Ottoman reform period:
legal reform, education, “progress”
• Dissatisfaction builds with “Young Turks”
e.g., Atatürk
- secularism in Turkey 1923
• World War I
(Kemal- a trained military commander fought at Gallipoli)
• Allies break up Ottoman Empire
• Struggle for Turkish Independence
Declaration of the Turkish State
• End of the “Caliphate” declared
office had been claimed in Ottoman history
In South Asia, a “Caliphate” movement
However, position abolished in Turkey
• Education (John Dewey)
• Law: separation of civil and religious law
• Sufism banned (Mevlevis, Rumi’s order)
• Dress (for men): fez outlawed
10. Mawdudi
-Mawlana Abu’l Ala Mawdudi (1903-1979) “Islamic Alternative” – differs from “modernism”
-Chishti (Sufi) heritage; journalist; Qur’an commentary
-Perception of continued decline even in era of new states
-Not exactly a call for a “return” to the past but new paths to solve modern problems
-European colonialism and modern nationalism may be criticised as “neo-colonialist”
-Jamaati Islami, established by Mawdudi in 1941
- In 1947 (after partition), becomes political party
- Mawdudi and oppositional politics
- Ideas have impact under Gen. Zia Ul-Haqq,
1977-1988
“Shura”, consultative assembly and “Islamic law” (Parliamentary system)
-Mawdudi advocates a “theodemocracy” (not merely human-centered “democracy”)
11. Sayyid Qutb
-(1906-1966)
-Works:
- Thought
12. Dakwah
- a term that means to “invite” people who share faith to deepen their own understanding and commitment to a way of life that is spiritually fulfilling and that offers the satisfying sense of participating in religious community
- can have very different connotations in different parts of the contemporary Muslim world
- In Indonesia, the idea of da’wa is often closely related with Muslims learning more about Islam
- In India, the idea of dakwah for Tablighi Jama’at is to invite universal participation of all Muslims in enjoining good and forbidding evil, adopting and promoting religion as a way of life as well as the importance of temporary migration from one’s native place
- the idea of dakwah for African American Muslim in the United States involves the use of own cultural expression such as hip hop as the medium of dakwah
13. Jakarta Charter
- was drafted on 22 June 1945 by a nine-man subcommittee of the Badan Penyeledek Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (Investigating Committee for the Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence)
- the charter contained a clause with seven critical words (in Bahasa Indonesia, dengan kewajipan menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya) to implement Islamic Law
- this clause was eventually omitted when the constitution was promulgated the day after the independence was declared on 17 august 1945
- Muslim leader were bitter at the dropping of the seven words; the struggle to have them reinstated in the constitution became a central part of the Islamist agenda in later years
- Islamic parties sought unsuccessfully to insert the seven words into a revised constitution in the late 1950s and again in the late 1960s
14. “Salafi”
- a creed founded in the late nineteenth century by Muslim reformers such as Muhammad Abduh, Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, Muhammad Rashid Rida, Muhammad Al-Shawkani and al-Jalal al-San’ani
- appealed to a very basic and fundamental concept in Islam- Muslim ought to follow the precedent of the Prophet and his Rightly-Guided Companion (al-salaf al-salih)
- the founders of Salafism maintained that on all issues Muslims ought to return to the original textual sources of the Quran and the Sunnah (precedent) of the Prophet (encourages interpretation of the original sources in light of modern needs and demands)
- not necessarily anti-intellectual but tend to be uninterested in history
- Unlike Wahhabism, Salafism was not hostile to the juristic tradition or the practice of various competing schools of thought
- Also, not hostile to mysticism or Sufism
- founded by Muslim nationalists who were eager to read the values of modernism into original sources of Islam- hence, not necessarily anti-Western
- the Salafis of the nineteenth and early twentienth centuries heavily emphasized the predominance of the concept of maslaha (public interest) in the formulation of Islamic law- emphasized that whatever would fulfill the public interest ought to be deemed a part of Islamic law
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